The goal of quantitative methods is to determine whether the predictive generalizations of a theory hold true. %%EOF Published on April 12, 2019 by Raimo Streefkerk. Let us comprehend this through an example. Introduction Qualitative and quantitative research approaches and methods are usually found to be utilised rather frequently in different disciplines of education such as sociology, psychology, history, and so on. Questions that are valid, but technically difficult to obtain valid answers to, given the H‰b```f``ıÎÀÆÀÀfÇÀË€ ¼,@Q�¸‘„¾?ºìşâğSV––-Éfl'®¹œ)4äšäühŠÀÓÃÊË+ÃËKË‹ËËÁêU¦e¾?tRuVÕêM�ióşèLªL;ô[}RfÁ¾Ûk¦eªƒW½ • “any qualitative data reduction and sense-making effort that takes a volume of qualitative material and attempts to identify core consistencies and meanings” (Patton, 2002, p.453). Comparison chart in PDF. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994:159–85. Data can be referred to as numerical facts and figures from which conclusions are drawn using statistical analysis. PDF | T his article considers the analysis of data in quantitative research. These strategies also provide a guideline or methodological framework for presenting, in writing, both the process and the results of the study in the form of research reports. Quant and qual analysis issues 5 Measurement properties of variables • The paradigm for quantitative analysis (Michel, 1999) is that variables have parametric measurement properties. ments for fuller qualitative description, for validation, as guides for purposeful sampling, and as elicitation devices in interviews. Revised on October 20, 2020. to pictorially represent these, as well as written descriptions. �(&dX-� )BA���� ����������� 0��n�XZ���-�,���\DV��!5�P��8�D �$f7\V�62��$�yFn��m�$��S�(��ۛ_⨚i��Z��#���=�#YSt�Yozi;�a0@/���Q��Y�����h�����]�tym�.w_�D�ѯ�&K�9�ո�F�_���?���t�@��n���,��K/�U�w���ֺ��I��wזԾ��`���I�]����[;��Ȯgi�[˚'} �����-Uuv���:ѵn�L�G:�N�ݤ��f������e:���iZlb�4��D�iz��Z>��vgő����Z�8��ļ�붓w^��;���|(��(��o�~F� �=T0�&�,��g�?�[��S��^�*���K�fr�x�� G�W�m�g:�9Ш(2e(U��u����&��R�&�֪^ ;N���N���|�_\�#?�A���ƸAmL��ȵť�q0 �K��=��������lqq�ɰg� �rE�����`��V�fB!j��v�Wㆄ�\��}_�lUej1��?ʁُU�. 0 The statistical data usually come in two forms. Critical issues in qualitative research methods.. Everything is either 1 or 0“ - Fred Kerlinger Miles & Huberman (1994). Does it trouble you to learn that there are no variables and hypotheses in this qualitative analysis … dichotomous positioning of qualitative research with respect to its quantitative coun - terpart. What is qualitative data? Experiments typically yield quantitative data, as they are concerned with measuring things. Let’s say you want to describe a cat. The aim of this process is to assemble or reconstruct the data in a meaningful or comprehensible fashion (Jorgensen, 1989: 107). 0000004578 00000 n The basic thesis of this paper is that successful data analysis, whether quantitative or qualitative, requires (1) understanding a variety of data analysis methods, (2) planning data analysis early in a project and making revisions in the plan as the work develops; (3) understanding which methods will best answer This study critically examined the usefulness of both qualitative and quantitative … On the contrary, quantitative data is the one that focuses on numbers and mathematical calculations and can be calculated and computed. For this article, we will not cover techniques that generate quantitative statistics from qualitative data. First, the meanings of quantitative and qualitative research are discussed. Questions that are valid, but technically difficult to obtain valid answers to, given the Differentiating between data and analysis results in the following four- 0000003089 00000 n 40 0 0 -40 0 40 cm 0000004133 00000 n 0000005516 00000 n 0000005066 00000 n /GS0 gs Unlike in the case of qualitative analysis, in the quantitative analysis the data is analyzed through statistical means. Qualitative data analysis is the classification and interpretation of linguistic (or visual) material to make statements about implicit and explicit dimensions and structures of meaning-making in the material and what is represented in it. British journal of Nursing 16 (11). Conversely, in quantitative research measurable data is gathered. 2206 0 obj <>stream The first thing that comes in mind while writing a research paper is whether it is qualitative or quantitative in nature.. (2010), every selected literaturewhether representing qualitative, quantitative, or mixed research— — contains numerous sources of qualitative data(e.g., literature review of source article, 0000004638 00000 n The goal of quantitative methods is to determine whether the predictive generalizations of a theory hold true. Quantitative data can be counted as it’s numerical. Quantitative data is defined as the value of data in the form of counts or numbers where each data-set has an unique numerical value associated with it. They have some errors, and so using them concurrently can compensate for the errors each has and then produce quality results. 0000011170 00000 n 0000004073 00000 n These three definitions illustrate that qualitative content analysis emphasizes an integrated view of speech/texts and their specific contexts. Quantitative data analysis includes information about quantities and numbers, as far as qualitative data applies to things which can be observed but not measured. More information on analysing qualitative data, see this overview of qualitative data. 0000003498 00000 n Choosing between qualitative vs. quantitative research can be challenging, especially if you do not know their differences. Once you have collected all your qualitative data, it's easy to be overwhelmed with the amount of content your methods have created. Firstly, the question ….What is data processing and data entry in quantitative research is discussed. 0000001527 00000 n If s person is made to undergo a blood test, and it confirms that alcohol percentage is 0.08 in his blood, it is said to be a quantitative test as the result comes out with numbers. 2. Unlike in the case of qualitative analysis, in the quantitative analysis the data is analyzed through statistical means. Examples of data analysis combinations include interpretively linking qualitative and quantitative data sets and the transformation processes of qualitizing and ®[ TùjİIõiY¯6E.™ÕòtÖ®5“"—¯ÚÙ©¾*3"2ù ƒR[ƒ ˜Lk`R6rX#”Œ8�J8\XÜ2@� ”`¶ ±�A/A Ãû©@Zˆ Á"âÜ /”ZØ T…²5. (1998). Qualitative data analysis techniques lend themselves well to analyzing literature because, as noted by Onwuegbuzie et al. It does not proceed in a linear fashion; it is not neat. ... Quantitative Data Analysis Approaches. Meaning-making can refer to subjective or social meanings. The final report of any qualitative analysis may include a number of formats such as text, maps, charts, images and/or sound. Qualitative vs. quantitative research. 0000003709 00000 n Deriving absolute meaning from such data is nearly impossible; hence, it is mostly used for exploratory research. Data Sources ... data analysis is too detailed to be used critically. Quantitative data is defined as the value of data in the form of counts or numbers where each data-set has an unique numerical value associated with it. Quant and qual analysis issues 5 Measurement properties of variables • The paradigm for quantitative analysis (Michel, 1999) is that variables have parametric measurement properties. Quantitative data can be counted as it’s numerical. (1998). Module 5: Doing qualitative data analysis ... and enter data on the research participant's profile and other qualitative and quantitative data. 6. 0000005175 00000 n Qualitative and quantitative data research are the two main types of research design. q h�bbd```b``]"�H��`�,"�@��_0�$�DAl��`g�� �� ��m����&���PM�`�&������m�����Hro�%��m���fCܬ&Y@��m�8?�dy�"���np�Y�V�"��@f����ȸ$H~|�������*F*��~��` )H"� You are probably familiar with the basic differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods, and their different applications in dealing with research questions posed in health care research. collection and analysis used at a given time. Qualitative methods include ethnography, grounded theory, discourse analysis, and interpretative phenomenological analysis. T his article considers the analysis of data in quantitative research. 0000003558 00000 n more appropriate qualitative or quantitative methods. Quantitative and qualitative research use different research methodsto collect and analyze data, and they allow you to answer different kinds of research questions. You would use both types of data. Qualitative vs quantitative data analysis: definition, examples, characteristics, contrast, similarities, and differences. Use flow charts, diagrams, etc. H���I�����+�,`�վ � q(,��� �b���p����Q�q��$@���ʊ���:}�����G����_����t����/��^��O^�߿��Oz��~?����g��?N����K���S�k �������}���_�o�y��z�N��O?\�}Y�7a�}����w�/��}�}�=��l�?���M��W����n;}����?Z��. 0000006923 00000 n 0000002707 00000 n Qualitative data analysis is a search for general statements about relationships among Qualitative, and Quantitative This article discusses the use of reliability and validity in the qualitative research paradigm. 5.9.3, p. 339). 0000003149 00000 n PDF | On Jan 1, 2003, H. O'Connor and others published A Step-By-Step Guide To Qualitative Data Analysis | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate 0000001944 00000 n 0000003347 00000 n 0000002828 00000 n British journal of Nursing 16 (11). Data Sources ... data analysis is too detailed to be used critically. Qualitative Data Types Introduction 0 Two main traditions 1 in research: Quantitative and Qualitative 0 Quantitative research = inferential research 0 Qualitative research = interpretive research 0 Both different in terms of goals, applications, sampling procedures, types of data, data analysis, etc. The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands / Yorkshire & the Humber 2009 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS 5 2. It allows for the inclusion of many different kinds of data collection and analysis techniques, as well as the diversity of theoretical and epistemological frame-works that are associated with qualitative research. 0000011446 00000 n %PDF-1.5 %���� 0000003876 00000 n par. (1994). qualitative data analysis refers to the analysis of qualitative data in the above sense of texts, images, films, etc., qualitative data analysis can mean the quali-tative analysis of data of any kind, that is, both qualitative and quantitative data. 0000005126 00000 n In quantitative research, the sole approach to data is statistical and takes places in the form of tabulations. Elements used in the analysis of qualitative research are words, pictures, and objects while that of quantitative research is numerical data. 0000003971 00000 n 0000002358 00000 n Difference Between Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis And How It Should Be Applied In Our Research Short Essay by : Aldon M.H.P. par. descriptions of other types of qualitative data analysis, see Ratcliff, 2002. These data types are used in a number of fields like marketing, sociology, business, public health and so on. that share If s person is made to undergo a blood test, and it confirms that alcohol percentage is 0.08 in his blood, it is said to be a quantitative test as the result comes out with numbers. Qualitative Data Analysis p. 40 The aim of qualitative analysis is a complete, detailed description. 0000005237 00000 n Qualitative analysis aims to increase the overall understanding of the quality, characteristics and meanings of the researched object or topic. 2190 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<1C8D369C3C51574FA954BE063D2A7018>]/Index[2143 64]/Info 2142 0 R/Length 191/Prev 1444916/Root 2144 0 R/Size 2207/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream 2143 0 obj <> endobj Secondly, reliability and validity as used in quantitative research are discussed as a way of providing a To glean insights from qualitative data , researchers conduct a manual analysis of datasets and often code responses into categories. 2.7 Quantitative and qualitative data in dynamic balance 30 3.1 Qualitative analysis as a circular process 32 3.2 Three aspects of description in qualitative analysis 33 3.3 Categorizing as a method of funnelling data 44 3.4 Derivation of nominal variables with exclusive and exhaustive values 47 0000005007 00000 n hޤSmHSa~���t��[b�����)�U����B����F�iI]��F��)}-�k�2� Qualitative data is usually unstructured, which means it’s not ordered or grouped logically. qualitative and quantitative data. qualitative and quantitative data. In: JM Morse, editor. Creswell, JW. Part 1: quantitative research. While quantitative data can be analyzed statistically and calculated into averages, means, and other numerical data points, qualitative data analysis involves a more complex system. Sinaga YOGYAKARTA, Dec, 2014 Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis Definition The difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis has clearly stated. Quantitative research is an inquiry into an identified problem, based on testing a theory, measured with numbers, and analyzed using statistical techniques. 0000002445 00000 n %PDF-1.3 %âãÏÓ We use SPSS for the analysis of quantitative data. Part 1: quantitative research. The analysis of the qualitative data was followed by an analysis of the quantitative data that was recorded by the questionnaire (cf. The research team comprised researchers with qualitative and quantitative expertise. Qualitative data is usually unstructured, which means it’s not ordered or grouped logically. Logical Analysis/Matrix Analysis An outline of generalized causation, logical reasoning process, etc. Qualitative, and Quantitative This article discusses the use of reliability and validity in the qualitative research paradigm. 0000002266 00000 n Read on to learn more differences between qualitative and quantitative analysis in Data Science. 0000004193 00000 n A range of specialist software is available for undertaking quantitative data analysis, although Microsoft Excel is capable of running basic descriptive statistics as well as a range of more complex statistical analyses. The overall team leader was a specialist in MS rehabilitation and research, and the other two team members were specialists in qualitative and qualitative research, respectively. Secondly, reliability and validity as used in quantitative research are discussed as a way of providing a It allows for the inclusion of many different kinds of data collection and analysis techniques, as well as the diversity of theoretical and epistemological frame-works that are associated with qualitative research. Matthew Miles and Huberman gives hundreds of varieties in their huge book Qualitative Data Analysis, 2nd ed. ~�v��/�e�o\��)�1gW�{���VM!���Un�����*s�Ϫ�g�K���n�dB��˄�,+���7�uc,;�;�H;m�j ���.�٬{X�^MR�PV%wI}�6M���t��}���dM�%�]PbID�Ȏ�o������hֵˤ�b�c�~ʘD_v�Y��D�w��-��7�����>�,�R�td���'��MX�/M���9�O�~������v�LY}t{��C������n��Р;OeH��/����a����9��Ȑ9��J"ol���C�/%F�T�Z�4+��FP@�H�B�Q��уҠ�%�L��ŵ���9�zR�e�τ¨��"���}ڋv�2������N���J����u�ᯐ��b3m7+6k���u1�R�Ȏm�,�yٵ]_m]�w�f�u�rX���埻����۸&,��!>,D��a��}�c�J ˪��N���:���Ϯ��\����~�L~ 0 1n{w The analysis of the qualitative data was followed by an analysis of the quantitative data that was recorded by the questionnaire (cf. Qualitative and quantitative analysis are two fundamental methods of collecting and interpreting data in research. Furthermore, it is important to remain mindful of the fact that the data from the qualitative and quantitative sections are connected, in that the results of qualitative data contributed It’s chunks of text, photos, videos, and so on. Let us comprehend this through an example. 0 Although different, they can be complementary of one another i.e., in mixed methods 2 Take a read of this article to know the difference between qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative research is an inquiry into an identified problem, based on testing a theory, measured with numbers, and analyzed using statistical techniques. Qualitative data analysis: a practical example Helen Noble,1 Joanna Smith2 The aim of this paper is to equip readers with an under-standing of the principles of qualitative data analysis and offer a practical example of how analysis might be undertaken in an interview-based study. It is the information researchers obtain on the subjects of their study/research. What is qualitative data? Those codes are put into the database entry template. Qualitative analysis is time consuming, but benefits from a considered, methodical approach. endstream endobj 2144 0 obj <>/Metadata 114 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[2191 0 R]>>/Outlines 340 0 R/PageLayout/SinglePage/Pages 2137 0 R/StructTreeRoot 391 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 2145 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/Pattern<>/Properties<>/Shading<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 2146 0 obj <>stream Learn more about the common types of quantitative data, quantitative data collection methods and quantitative data analysis methods with steps. This approach will follow patterns and strategies of high-frequency trading in order to identify the correlation between the variables present to be able to determine if an investment will truly be worth it. In: JM Morse, editor. 0000001966 00000 n 0000001465 00000 n Specialist packages are not necessary, but can be more user-friendly. The first difference between qualitative and quantitative data analysis is that the data to be analyzed are . For example, a rating scaleor closed questions on a questionnaire would generate quantitative data as these produce either numerical data or data that can be put into categories (e.g., “yes,” “no” answers). You can turn qualitative data into structured quantitative data through analysis methods like coding. Difference Between Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis And How It Should Be Applied In Our Research Short Essay by : Aldon M.H.P. An outcomes study, for example a . 4 Qualitative Data Analysis the researcher sorts and sifts them, searching for types, classes, sequences, processes, patterns or wholes. 2. f/���J/� :y�'�y�*���02`=w̑a�2��Rj)h/��B]5��a�"#���D�ڏ��}�!X��S�v�~�zg�ȿg�т��U�D��G� ��: 0000008031 00000 n Content analysis is one of the most widely used qualitative data techniques for … Provision has been made to allocate up to six codes per piece of data. There is a clearly defined difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative data analysis works a little differently from quantitative data, primarily because qualitative data is made up of words, observations, images, and even symbols. hޔT�n�0�>n�,�� �{�^0�۰���%�9�U����J�n];`�ER�A�B��4+�iΠH�!s�N����?�@R!���R�jׂ�B�'�������ֳ���n������o|����G���M�o��}�l^�37�%��-f��da��3DO���jb������I��q�?������ This booklet is a companion to Analyzing Quantitative Data G3658-6 in this series. Both are important for gaining different kinds of knowledge. Creswell, JW. If you are conducting an experiment using the scientific method, for example, you want to record your observations and data as thoroughly as possible. Though qualitative and quantitative research methods lies on separate continuum, they all aimed at identifying educational problems using different approach. Coughlan M., Cronin P. and Ryan F. (2007). Qualitative data analysis: a practical example Helen Noble,1 Joanna Smith2 The aim of this paper is to equip readers with an under-standing of the principles of qualitative data analysis and offer a practical example of how analysis might be undertaken in an interview-based study. Keywords: qualitative and quantitative research, advantages, disadvantages, testing and assessment 1. It’s chunks of text, photos, videos, and so on. endstream endobj startxref That is, data points are equal-interval and normally distributed. 0000003816 00000 n 0000006634 00000 n Content Analysis. Other techniques may be necessary for analyzing qualitative data from photographs and audio or video sources. Qualitative data is not countable. 0000004299 00000 n First, the meanings of quantitative and qualitative research are discussed. Use qualitative data to augment a quantitative outcomes study. Within this type of an outcomes study, the researcher collects and analyzes both quantitative and qualitative data. Learn more about the common types of quantitative data, quantitative data collection methods and quantitative data analysis methods with steps. 5.9.3, p. 339). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994:159–85. In quantitative research we classify features, count QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS "Data analysis is the process of bringing order, structure and meaning to the mass of collected data. ... 8 Qualitative Data Analysis Approaches 140. approaches are widely recognized: quantitative research and qualitative research. Qualitative Data Types 0000004458 00000 n While quantitative data is easier to analyze, qualitative data is also important. Using Both Types of Data. endstream endobj 2147 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/TilingType 3/Type/Pattern/XStep 40.0/YStep 40.0>>stream Qualitative data is a data concerned with descriptions, which can be observed but cannot be computed. Qualitative research relies on data obtained by the researcher from first-hand observation, interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, participant-observation, recordings made in natural settings, documents, and artifacts. Qualitative data analysis is non-statistical, its methodological approach is primarily guided by the concrete material at hand. When collecting and analyzing data, quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings. 0000002768 00000 n The methods can be used independently or concurrently since they all have the same objectives. 0000004359 00000 n Qualitative Data Analysis p. 40 "There's no such thing as qualitative data. By using complex financial and statistical models, quantitative analysis can objectively quantify business data and determine the effects of a decision on the business operations. Experimental methods limit the possible ways in which a research participant … 0000002185 00000 n 0000010073 00000 n 0000004518 00000 n approaches are widely recognized: quantitative research and qualitative research. 5. These data types are used in a number of fields like marketing, sociology, business, public health and so on. You are probably familiar with the basic differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods, and their different applications in dealing with research questions posed in health care research. /Im0 Do endstream endobj 2148 0 obj <>stream Time Constraints Similarly, data complexity and quality affect the time needed for data collection and analysis. Q You can turn qualitative data into structured quantitative data through analysis methods like coding. Download full-text PDF Read full-text. Findings are usually descriptive in nature although conclusive only within the numerical framework. Inquiry in qualitative research is a process-oriented, which is not in the case of quantitative research. Coughlan M., Cronin P. and Ryan F. (2007). • In reality, most of the data collected for scientific purposes is … 0000004838 00000 n Qualitative data is not countable. To obtain robust findings, the cost of data collection is bound to be high regardless of method. embedded design. That is, data points are equal-interval and normally distributed. After they receive this data, the M&E team file them and code them. randomized, controlled trial, with qualitative data collection and analysis added, is called an . 90 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 93 /H [ 1527 439 ] /L 67412 /E 11763 /N 20 /T 65494 >> endobj xref 90 50 0000000016 00000 n The basic thesis of this paper is that successful data analysis, whether quantitative or qualitative, requires (1) understanding a variety of data analysis methods, (2) planning data analysis early in a project and making revisions in the plan as the work develops; (3) understanding which methods will best answer It is a messy, ambiguous, time-consuming, creative, and fascinating process. Although technological innovations have … text, rather than numbers, at least when the analysis first begins. The data are generally nonnumerical. Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. • In reality, most of the data collected for scientific purposes is … Qualitative data analysis - Codes •“A code in qualitative inquiry is a word or a short phrase that symbolically assigns a summative, salient, essence-capturing, and/or evocative attribute for a portion of language-based or visual data.” (Saldaña, 2016) •Coding is a process of organizing data into chunks that are alike, i.e. However, other research methods, such as controlled observations and questionnairescan produce both quantitative information. What is qualitative data analysis? All three researchers undertook data collection and used their respective expertise to 0000002660 00000 n 0000001348 00000 n 0000003209 00000 n 0000004897 00000 n Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. 0000010096 00000 n dichotomous positioning of qualitative research with respect to its quantitative coun - terpart. The difference between qualitative and quantitative data and analysis - all you need to know. 0000003001 00000 n Concerning the research Sinaga YOGYAKARTA, Dec, 2014 Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis Definition The difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis has clearly stated. Key Words: Content analysis, Qualitative analysis, Research, Theme, Thematic analysis 1.INTRODUCTION Qualitative research as a group of approaches for the col-lection and analysis of data aims to provide an in-depth, socio-contextual and detailed description and interpretation of … trailer << /Size 140 /Info 85 0 R /Root 91 0 R /Prev 65484 /ID[] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 91 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 84 0 R /Outlines 94 0 R /PageMode /UseOutlines /OpenAction 92 0 R >> endobj 92 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 93 0 R /FitH -32768 ] >> endobj 138 0 obj << /S 295 /O 394 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 139 0 R >> stream Furthermore, it is important to remain mindful of the fact that the data from the qualitative and quantitative sections are connected, in that the results of qualitative data contributed The Qualitative and quantitative research Are two types or approaches of data collection and analysis to seek the understanding or explanation of a phenomenon.. Critical issues in qualitative research methods.. On the contrary, quantitative data is the one that focuses on numbers and mathematical calculations and can be calculated and computed. A … 0000004734 00000 n What is qualitative data analysis? The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands / Yorkshire & the Humber 2009 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS 5 2. Have the same objectives the amount of content your methods have created methods and data. Fields like marketing, sociology, business, public health and so on coughlan M., P.! Research methods lies on separate continuum, they all aimed at identifying educational problems using different approach in research quantitative... To augment a quantitative outcomes study whether the predictive generalizations of a theory true... A read of this article, we will not cover techniques that generate statistics., controlled trial, with qualitative and quantitative data through analysis methods with steps Huberman gives hundreds varieties. 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For types, classes, sequences, processes, patterns or wholes know the difference between qualitative quantitative..., they all have the same objectives is nearly impossible ; hence, is..., examples, characteristics and meanings of quantitative research to describe a cat your qualitative data the overall of! Of generalized causation, logical reasoning process, etc devices in interviews object or topic the aim of data. Fascinating process usually descriptive in nature Dec, 2014 qualitative and quantitative analysis the data to be used...., quantitative data that was recorded by the concrete material at hand the between! Statistics from qualitative data was followed by an analysis of the qualitative is!
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